Mayer (1977) has reviewed research on thinking and problem solving and concludes that a problem has givens, goals, and obstacles. The given state is the current fact, situation, or condition. The goal state is a different, more valued fact, situation or condition. The obstacles are the difficulties that must be surmounted before the given state can be changed. The operations that will convert the current state to the goal state are the solution to the problem. This conception is quite abstract, but is very serviceable for our needs.
Problem solving is the selection and use of an existing program from an existing set of programs (Greeno, 1978).
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